Reconfigurable apparel manufacture and business processes

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are methods for the modulation of appearance or material properties within items of apparel or equipment. Also provided herein are design articles having alterable designs.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application claims priority to International Application No.PCT/US2012/024753 filed on Feb. 10, 2012, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 61/442,142, filed on Feb. 11, 2011, andU.S. Provisional Application No. 61/443,667, filed on Feb. 16, 2011, allof which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Provided herein are methods of manufacturing and marketing items thatcontain embedded microfluidic channel networks in order to modulate theappearance or material properties within said items of apparel orequipment. In particular, the present invention relates to manufacturingand marketing methods thereof, including (1) methods of construction anduse of the microfluidic channel network (e.g., specialized methodssuitable for the apparel and design articles described herein), (2)methods of construction and use of a manually actuated docking station,(3) the distribution of content codes (e.g., through downloadableconfiguration files, podcasts, celebrity podcasts, social crowdsourcing,propagation through social networks or the like).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There has always been the desire to express oneself through color. Theability to modulate the appearance or material properties of apparel,equipment or other items had previously required discrete components,for instance distinct pairs of shoes to coordinate with differentoutfits, different belts, or different color vehicles. Further, apparel,sporting equipment and other items are often provided for consumption ina manner illustrating one or more design feature. Generally, such designfeatures are immutable. Consumers wishing to have a different designfeature on an article that they already own are generally forced topurchase a second version of the article. The purchase of two or moreversions of an identical article to simply provide a new design isextremely inefficient. Provided herein are articles and methods wherebysuch inefficiencies are overcome.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Provided herein are articles having one or more design element that iscapable of being modified. In some instances, an article or designelement provided herein comprises a fluidic circuit. Generally, suchfluidic circuit has at least one opening (e.g., inlet and/or outlet)through which fluid may transgress (e.g., ingress through an inlet andegress through an outlet). In specific instances, such fluidic circuitsare liquid circuits. In further or alternative embodiments, such fluidiccircuits are microfluidic circuits.

In items such as apparel (e.g., footwear, shoes, belts, backpacks, hats,bracelets, wristbands, shirts, scarves, jewelry, glasses, materials forapparel, release papers, fibers, etc.), equipment (e.g., skateboards,rollerblades, snowboards, gloves, pads, appliances, computers,electronics, gadgets, toys, etc.), and other three-dimensional objects(signs, corporate art, corporate logos, military vehicles, militarygear, military installations, helmets, vehicle body panels, housewares,furniture, tabletops, walls, paintings, etc.), embodiments of thepresent invention provide for incorporation of one or a plurality ofmicrofluidic circuits within the item to allow for the modulation ofcolor or other material properties of the item. In specific embodiments,this modulation can be readily achieved by the user of the item.

In one embodiment, a microfluidic circuit provided for herein wrapsaround a substructure (e.g., a design element) of the item. In someinstances, inlets to, and outlets from a microfluidic circuit providedherein are co-located within a port portion of the item. In certainembodiments, the inlets and outlets carry valves, caps, or other sealsto mitigate evaporation or backflow. In some instances, a portfacilitates connection of the microfluidic circuit to a docking station.In some embodiments, a useful port provides for a well-sealed interfacebetween the microfluidic circuit and a docking station (e.g., betweeninlet and/or outlet of the microfluidic circuit and a connectoremanating from a docking station). In specific embodiments, theconnector is the male complement to a female port. In certainembodiments the docking station comprises a pump, a mixer, valves, oneor more color cartridge(s), a connector, a waste compartment, a computercontrolled interface, a combination thereof, or all of the above. Incertain embodiments, a user may select a color or a combination ofcolors that are mixed within the docking station and dispensed throughthe microfluidic circuit of the item. In other embodiments, the dockingstation is comprised of pressurized cartridges that dispense and collectfluid when connected to the item. In certain embodiments, the dockingstation is comprised of a manually actuated cartridge, which uponactuation, creates positive or negative pressure within the microfluidiccircuit to move fluid throughout the article. In one embodiment, thecartridge contains two chambers; a vacuum chamber and a fluid filledchamber, and upon actuation some or all of the old fluid from thearticle flows into the vacuum chamber while being displaced by fluidemanating from the cartridge fluid chamber. In yet another embodiment,the cartridge contains one or more syringe plungers to allow the user toactuate either positive or negative pressure in order to produce fluidflow within the microfluidic circuit.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is one preferred embodiment of the invention. FIG. 1 shows shoe1001 with two microfluidic circuits 1002 and 1003. FIG. 1A shows theshoe without color within the microfluidic circuit. FIG. 1B demonstratesthe results if the first circuit 1002 has been filled with a dark colorand circuit 1003 filled with a light color. FIG. 1C shows circuit 1002filled with a dark color and circuit 1003 filled with a mediumluminosity color.

FIG. 2 shows one preferred embodiment of the construction of the shoe.The microfluidic circuit 2001 provides a fluidic path that wraps aroundthe entire shoe. Valve 2002 allows access to the microfluidic circuit.When the microfluidic circuit is fastened to shoe 2003, the valves 2002can be recessed within the back, heel, sole, or underside of the shoe tobe inconspicuous. Moreover, partial extents of the microfluidic circuitcan be hidden underneath successive layers of shoe 2003, to help shapethe final design elements.

FIG. 3 shows one preferred embodiment of the microfluidic circuit inoperation: changing from a dark color to a lighter color. When docked,the inlet valve 3001 and outlet valve 3002 allow lighter colored fluidto displace the darker colored fluid that previously filled themicrofluidic circuit. Because certain extents of the circuit are hiddenbeneath successive layers of the shoe, the user may not see the colormove around the toe of the shoe in this embodiment. Air or other spacerfluids can be pumped through the microfluidic circuit to segregatesuccessive colors.

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the inlet valve 4001, and the outlet valve4002 hidden within a recessed port 4003. The port 4003 serves to protectthe valves from daily wear and assists in the mechanical coupling to theconnector. The shoe in FIG. 4 contains a single microfluidic circuit.

FIG. 5 shows a plurality of inlet valves 5001 and outlet valves 5002hidden within a recessed port 5003. In this embodiment the shoe containsa plurality of microfluidic circuits to enable independent control ofcolors within specific extents of the item. In certain embodiments, aplurality of microfluidic circuits would converge at low pressure nodesto simplify connections to the item.

FIG. 6 shows an example of a connector 6001 structure with a pluralityof inlets and outlets 6002 that are integrated into a single manifold.The connector slides into the port 6003. The two pieces snap into placevia a male/female locking mechanism 6004. The mating of the connector tothe port pushes back a spring-mounted seal 6005 that opens the circuiton the port side 6006. The seal also provides sufficient pressure on theconnector to facilitate a leak-free fluidic connection between thechannels on the two sides. The connector may have an additional seal ontop of the manifold to assist in preventing leaks. The connector mayalso carry electrical signals to allow feedback upon connection.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a microfluidic circuit 7001 with a mixer 7002to facilitate homogeneous distribution of fluid within the microfluidiccircuit.

FIG. 8 shows an example of a microfluidic circuit 8001 consisting of aplurality of microfluidic channels. In certain embodiments, each channelcould be constructed of a semi-circular cross-section to act as a lens.In certain embodiments, the flat underside of the microfluidic circuitclosest to the shoe could contain a reflective layer to enhance thevisible color. In certain embodiments, the microfluidic circuit iscomprised of a single channel that fills the desired area.

FIG. 9 shows an example of a microfluidic circuit 9001 with a singleserpentine channel 9002. The serpentine channel widths would be roughly0.35-1.05 mm, while the inter-channel (wall) spacing would be on theorder of 0.40-0.45 mm.

FIG. 10 shows a reduction to practice of a microfluidic circuit with asingle serpentine channel integrated into a shoe. When viewed up close,individual turns of the serpentine channel are visible. When viewed fromafar, the color of the microfluidic circuit appears continuous in thisembodiment.

FIG. 11 is an example of an embodiment of the docking station, with apump and a plurality of valves. In this configuration, the valves insideof the docking station change the resistance to flow of each line, inorder to modulate the fluid that is pushed through the circuit. Whenconnected, the pressure generated in the docking station opens thevalves in the item, which allows fluid flow to progress throughout theextent of the item, returning into the docking station to be collectedin the waste compartment. The waste compartment may contain an openingto air (e.g., to allow displacement), a bag, syringe plunger, hydrogels,or other compliant element or material element.

FIG. 12 is an example of a dock configuration with a pump that pulls thefluid through the circuit. Actuation valves change the resistance of thefluid lines to modulate the level of each type of fluid being pulledthrough the circuit.

FIG. 13 is an example of a dock configuration with independent pumps oneach of the fluid lines. No actuation valves are included. As in FIG.12, another embodiment would place a negative pressure pump on the wasteside. Such an embodiment would encompass manually actuated cartridgedocking stations that do not carry a mixer element.

FIG. 14 is an example of a mixer configuration with a roughened channel,and input ports 14001 connected to the fluid cartridges (not shown). Theroughened channel 14002 enables mixing. For instance, chaotic flowinduced by herringbone grooves along the bottom of the channel wouldspatially compress mixing. Fluid exits the mixer into the connector14003, flows through the microfluidic circuit, then returns through theconnector into the waste compartment.

FIG. 15 is an example of another mixer configuration that takesadvantage of flow splitting and recombination 15001 to promote mixingwithin a compressed path length.

FIG. 16 gives an example of a time series of valve actuations in atemporal modulation paradigm.

FIG. 17 gives an example of a workflow for changing the color of anitem. The user would connect a computer 17001 (or iPhone, in theexample) to the docking station through USB connector 17003. The userattaches the fluidic connector 17004 to the port of the shoe 17005. Uponconnection, the connector illuminates to provide feedback to the userthat the connection has been made 17006. Using the graphical userinterface on the computer 17001, the user selects the extent of the itemthey would like to change 17007, then command the docking station todeliver the appropriate color. The dock can be configured to fill one ormore items at a time. In the case of shoes, the dock can be configuredto fill two shoes at once.

FIG. 18 is an example of a lamination process to create a microfluidicchannel network with an integrated connector.

FIG. 19 is an example of virtual panels within a single item. Atraditional shoe upper 1901 may contain a series of different panelsdelineated by stitching patterns. In this embodiment, a singlemicrofluidic circuit 1902 weaves its way through the shoe upper,beginning and terminating in a single inlet/outlet pair 1903.Microfluidic circuit 1902 features varying densities and patterns of thecircuit to produce an illusion that multiple panels exist when only asingle continuous channel exists. When different colors are sequentiallypulled through the circuit, for instance a darker color 1904 and alighter color 1905, the colors reinforce the optical illusion thatdifferent virtual panels exist.

FIG. 20 is an example of a manually actuated docking station with anintegrated connector. In this embodiment, the docking station iscomprised of a fluid cartridge 2001 and a waste cartridge 2002. The userwould pull back on the plunger assembly 2003 to actuate the ratchetedsyringe 2004 and a create a vacuum within waste compartment 2002. In oneembodiment, an absorbent material, such as hydrogels, is contained inthe waste cartridge 2002 to prevent spillage or backflow. As the vacuumis created, the syringe nub 2005 moves to displace the colored fluid.The syringe nub 2005 also serves to keep the fluid sealed from theenvironment during storage. A benefit of this design is the minimal deadvolume in the coupling of male connector 2007 to female connector 2008that minimizes spillage risks. As the ratcheted syringe 2004 is pulledback, it can be finely tuned for some length until the ratchet teethmove past the ratchet cap 2006, wherein the syringe can no longer bepushed forward. The ratcheting ensures that the cartridge is used only afew times before recycling. The male connector 2007 interfaces with thefemale connector 2008, shown here embedded within a mobile phone case,with an embedded microfluidic channel network 2009, shown in crosssectional and planar view. In one embodiment, the connector 2007 isfurther comprised of external O-ring seals to provide for a soundfluidic seal.

FIG. 21 is another example of a manually actuated docking station withan integrated connector. In this embodiment, the connector is comprisedof a freely rotating screw ring 2101 snapped onto the female taperedconnector body 2102 that allows the user to form a strong fluidic seal.The male connector 2103 also has tapered ports that mate to thecorresponding taper grade of the female connector 2102 and create atapered interference fit. The interference between the tapered endshelps complete a sound fluidic seal.

FIG. 22 is an example of a self sealing dry break connector withintegrated microfluidic inlet and outlet fluid paths. In thisembodiment, the male connector housing 2201 contains a spring 2202, orother force element, that pushes against a sealing ring 2203 that, whenextended, closes off the fluid lines 2204 of the connector. The femalecounterpart has a screw thread 2205 that aligns the male connector, asealing cap 2206 and associated spring 2207, or other force element,that when disconnected, shuts off flow in the female fluid lines 2208. Abenefit of this design is the minimal dead volume resulting from themicrofluidic lines being small enough to feed into the threading of thescrew. Further, the spring, or other force element, loaded sealing cap2206 provides a means to wipe clean the female fluid lines of driedfluid during connecting and disconnecting. This same self cleaninghappens on the male side from screw thread 2205.

FIG. 23 is an example of magnetic connectors with integratedmicrofluidic inlet and outlet fluid paths. In this embodiment, a spring2301, or other force element, upper cap 2302 and upper seal 2303 arehoused within upper body element 2304. When disconnected, the spring2301, or other force element, closes off the fluidic path 2305 bypressing the upper cap assembly up against the magnet 2306. An actuatorpin 2307 with embedded fluidic channels passes through stud 2308, whichis further coupled to an O-ring 2309 to provide for a firm fluidic sealwhen connected. In this embodiment, when placed in close proximity tothe bottom half of the connector, the upper magnet 2306 couples with thesteel (or other ferritic or magnetic material) 2310 embedded in thelower base 2311. This magnetic force simultaneously couples the upperand lower halves of the connector, and through action of the actuatorpin, displaces lower seal 2312 and follower 2313 against spring 2314, orother force element, which are housed in the lower base 2315. Thisbalance of forces opens the fluidic path 2316, and completes the fluidiccircuit. In this embodiment, when disconnected, the springs (orbushings, pneumatic elements, etc.) press the seals back into place andcreate a dry break seal.

FIG. 24 is an example of multiple stacked circuits and multipleconnectors within a single item. In this embodiment, two microfluidiccircuits are embedded within the vertical extent of a mobile phone case.A mobile device 2401 is placed within case housing 2402 and pressed upagainst the case backing 2403. On the backside of the case, microfluidiccircuits 2404 and 2405 combine to form a checkerboard pattern. Whendifferent colors are sequentially pulled through the circuit, thecombination of colors produces a unique user defined case. In certainembodiments, there are separate connectors for each circuit, in thiscase, connector 2406 would allow access to microfluidic channel 2405while connector 2407 would allow access to microfluidic circuit 2404. Inaddition, in this embodiment, each connector would be sealed when not inuse by a thumb screw cap 2408.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Methods of Construction and Use of a Microfluidic Channel Network

Provided in certain embodiments herein are design articles (such as anyarticle described herein) comprising one or more microfluidic channelnetwork in or on (e.g., on the surface of) the design article. In someinstances, in order to create large-format microfluidics (e.g., suitablefor providing large format design on a design article), one or moremicrofluidic channel networks is woven through (e.g., through or overthe surface of) the item of interest. In one embodiment, large-formatmicrofluidics are accomplished by weaving a small outer diameter tubeinto a pattern, encasing the patterned tube within an exterior matrixsuch as a transparent polymer of similar refractive index, and exposingthe two ends of the tube outside the matrix for fluidic connection. Inanother embodiment, multiple tubes are encompassed or woven into or atopthe matrix. In some instances, the multiplicity of input ends and ofoutput ends of the tubes are aggregated into domains for fluidicconnection. In some instances, such as in some embodiments of apparel orshoes, the microfluidic circuit material is on the order of one to twosquare feet in size. In other embodiments, however, any suitable sizedmaterial is optionally utilized. Provided in certain embodiments hereinis a process to seal the dozens to thousands of serpentine wall jointsthat are useful in creating such a network. In some embodiments,provided herein, are high throughput processes that provide rapid andinexpensive manufacturing of such an article.

In one embodiment, a first (e.g., lower—or distal from the articlesurface) material, such as a thermoplastic (e.g., urethane, polyester,etc.), is molded into a serpentine channel network. In some embodiments,the first material (e.g., thermoplastic) is polymerized (at leastpartially polymerized). In some instances, a second (e.g., upper)material, such as a second thermoplastic, is laminated onto the firstmaterial (e.g., applying evenly distributed pressure and heat). In someembodiments, bonding of the composite layers is promoted by means ofphysical and/or chemical adhesion due to thermal exposure, pressure,adhesives, solvents, surface chemistry activation, polymerization, or acombination thereof. In certain embodiments, the lower thermoplastic isof a harder or softer durometer than the top sealing thermoplastic. Invarious embodiments, the first and second thermoplastics have anysuitable durometer for achieving a desired product. For instance, insome embodiments, the first (e.g., lower) channel material has a 20-30 Adurometer with the walls embedded within, while the second material(e.g., upper sealing layer) provides exterior protection with a 25-40 Adurometer hardness. In another embodiment, the lower channel materialhas a harder 25-70 A hardness (e.g., to provide mechanical stability tothe walls) while the second material (e.g., top sealing layer) islaminated onto the walls using a 15-30 A durometer material. In yetanother embodiment, the first and second (e.g., upper and lower)materials comprise similar or identical materials and/or have similar oridentical durometer. In some embodiments, lamination is optionallyassisted through the use of roller(s), e.g., machined roller(s) thatapply more heat and pressure to the channel walls than to the channel.For instance, FIG. 18 illustrates one embodiment whereby a roller wheelapplies heat and pressure selectively to areas of the thermoplasticsandwich to create sealed channel walls. In this embodiment, theconnector is first adhered to the circuit inlet and outlet before theentire piece is coated in a transparent encapsulating polymer overmold.In one embodiment, the optional overmold imparts additional sealing andtexture as necessary. In one embodiment, microfluidic material is alsoattached to a backing material to provide mechanical robustness, e.g.,to withstand the strain encountered during wear in a shoe. In anotherembodiment, the backing would be a reflective material, such as a mylar,to impart desired optical properties to the composite. Otherpossibilities include the use of thermoformed or cold formed foils orfoil composites as the patterned channel material and apolyester/polyvinyl chloride, polychlorotrifluoro ethylene, or cyclicolefin copolymer backing.

In other embodiments, microfluidic channel networks are ultrasonicallyor RF welded into the thermoplastic sandwich. The upper or lower partsmay be previously molded to focus energy to the channel walls. Forultrasonic welding, the preferred frequencies are 10-80 kHz. In the casewhere a single ultrasonic horn is insufficient to cover the entiredesired apparel area, multiple horns can be used. Provided herein aredesigns that leave a stitching area of 0.5 mm to 5 mm betweenoverlapping horn designs, or any other spacing, e.g., so to allowsubsequent precision welding to stitch across the large horndeficiencies. In yet other embodiments, thermoplastic sandwiches areswelled using an ionic bath before electrowelding via current passingbetween the walls of the upper and lower parts.

Provided in certain embodiments herein is a design article or designelement comprising a microfluidic circuit channel comprising at leastone color, angle, density, or the like. In specific embodiments, thedesign article or design element comprises a single microfluidicchannel. In certain embodiments, a single microfluidic channelconnecting inlets and outlets is fashioned into multiple virtual panelsby alternating the direction and/or density of the filling pattern used.In some embodiments, using a single channel allows for a much widerrange of filling pressures without generation of voids. In someinstances, if multiple channels are filled in parallel, there is a goodchance that high pressure paths will be excluded and fluid willpreferentially flow through low pressure paths—much like an electricalshort will carry current around an electrical circuit. The currentdesign for filling a large area with a single channel to create multiplechannels eliminates this problem. Per example shown in FIG. 19, a singlemicrofluidic circuit with one inlet and one outlet, with various anglesand densities of fill create the illusion of separate panels when filledwith one or more colors.

Provided in certain embodiments herein is a design article or designelement comprising a microfluidic circuit in three-dimensions. In someembodiments, a three-dimensional microfluidic circuit overlaysserpentine channel arrays at varying depths of the article to createintricate visual effects (e.g., texture, patterns, color fields, etc.)as seen from surface of the article. In some embodiments, athree-dimensional microfluidic circuit consists of a single or ofmultiple layers of channels and is shaped to the three-dimensional formof the article (e.g., shoe, electronics case, etc.). In one embodiment,a three-dimensional microfluidic circuit is accomplished by generating asealed planar microfluidic circuit in a flexible substrate (e.g.,urethane) and affixing this microfluidic circuit conformally to athree-dimensionally formed article. In certain embodiments, themicrofluidic circuit is affixed by means of pressure-sensitive adhesive.In some embodiments, bonding between the microfluidic circuit andarticle is promoted by means of physical and/or chemical adhesion due tothermal exposure (e.g., welding, laminating, etc.), pressure, adhesives,solvents, surface chemistry activation (e.g., UV-ozone exposure),polymerization (e.g., reaction injection molding), mechanical fastening,or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, the three-dimensionalmicrofluidic circuit is formed via additive manufacturing (e.g.,selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, stereolithography,3D printing, etc.). In one embodiment, the final sealed microfluidiccircuit is formed by laying down successive layers of material with a 3Dprinter to form the channel walls. Zones that have not been printed uponcreate the internal channels of the final microfluidic circuit. In otherembodiments, the three-dimensional microfluidic circuit is formed viadirect subtractive manufacturing (e.g., laser etching, lost-wax casting,investment casting, etc.) in which the microfluidic channels are formedby the removal of material from within the article. In one embodiment, athree-dimensional article is formed in polycarbonate and internal laseretching is used to remove material to create the microfluidic channels.

Methods of Construction and Use of a Manually Actuated Docking Station

Provided in certain embodiments herein is a docking station comprising apump, color cartridges and connector (collectively, the “cartridge”)that connects to the corresponding connector integrated into themicrofluidic circuit and allows the user to manually actuate theinitiation and duration of flow through the microfluidic circuit. FIG.20 is an example of a manually actuated docking station with anintegrated connector. In some embodiments, the docking station iscomprised of a fluid cartridge 2001 and a waste cartridge 2002. The userwould pull back on the plunger assembly 2003 to actuate the ratchetedsyringe 2004 and create a vacuum within waste compartment 2002. In oneembodiment, an absorbent material, such as hydrogels, is contained inthe waste cartridge 2002 to prevent spillage or backflow. As the vacuumis created, the syringe nub 2005 moves to displace the colored fluid.The syringe nub 2005 also serves to keep the fluid sealed from theenvironment during storage. As the ratcheted syringe 2004 is pulledback, it can be finely tuned for some length until the ratchet teethmove past the ratchet cap 2006, wherein the syringe can no longer bepushed forward. The ratcheting ensures that the cartridge is used only afew times before recycling. The male connector 2007 interfaces with thefemale connector 2008, shown here embedded within a mobile phone case,with an embedded microfluidic channel network 2009, shown in crosssectional and planar view.

In another embodiment of a manually actuated docking station with anintegrated connector, as shown in FIG. 21, the connector is comprised ofa freely rotating screw ring 2101 snapped onto the connector body thatallows the user to form a strong fluidic seal. The connector also hastapered ports that mate to the corresponding tapered item connector 2103through an interference fit. The interference between the tapered endshelps complete a sound fluidic seal.

In yet another embodiment, there is a utility to provide forsimultaneous connection of two fluid lines to simplify userinteractions. FIG. 22 is an example of a self sealing dry breakconnector with integrated microfluidic inlet and outlet fluid paths. Inthis embodiment, the male connector housing 2201 contains a screw 2202that pushes against a sealing ring 2203 that, when extended, closes offthe fluid lines 2204 of the connector. The female counterpart has ascrew thread 2205 that aligns the male connector, a sealing cap 2206 andassociated screw 2207 that when disconnected, shuts off flow in thefemale fluid lines 2208. Unique to this design is the minimal deadvolume resulting from the microfluidic lines being small enough to feedthrough the threading of the screw. Further, the spring, or other forceelement, loaded sealing cap 2206 provides a means to wipe clean thefemale fluid lines of dried fluid during connecting and disconnecting.This same self cleaning happens on the male side from screw thread 2205.

In other embodiments, the ease of connection is facilitated throughmagnetic forces. FIG. 23 embodies magnetic connectors with integratedmicrofluidic inlet and outlet fluid paths. In this embodiment, a spring2301, upper cap 2302 and upper seal 2303 are housed within upper bodyelement 2304. When disconnected, the spring 2301 closes off the fluidicpath 2305 by pressing the upper cap assembly up against the magnet 2306.An actuator pin 2307 with embedded fluidic channels passes through stud2308, which is further coupled to an O-ring 2309 to provide for a firmfluidic seal when connected. In some embodiments, when placed in closeproximity to the bottom half of the connector, the upper magnet 2306couples with the steel (or other ferritic or magnetic material) 2310embedded in the lower base 2311. This magnetic force simultaneouslycouples the upper and lower halves of the connector, and through actionof the actuator pin, displaces lower seal 2312 and follower 2313 againstspring 2314, which are housed in the lower base 2315. This balance offorces opens the fluidic path 2316, and completes the fluidic circuit.In this embodiment, when disconnected, the springs (or bushings,pneumatic elements, etc.) press the seals back into place and create adry break seal. In alternative embodiments, timing is added to theconnector, wherein the actuator pin moves the valve into the openposition while the connection is being made to avoid backpressure fromthe female side. In such an embodiment, shortly after the initiation ofconnection, the stud would seal the fluidic path via an O-ring, thenpushes the female seal open.

In certain embodiments, a manually actuated docking station carries aplurality of fluid compartments to actuate flow within a plurality ofmicrofluidic circuits, e.g., a two color cartridge could swap out thecontents of two different microfluidic channel circuits simultaneously.In other embodiments, one connector per microfluidic circuit is arrangedon the item, for example in FIG. 24, which gives an example of multiplestacked circuits and multiple connectors within a single item. In someembodiments, two microfluidic circuits are embedded within the verticalextent of a mobile phone case. A mobile device 2401 is placed withincase housing 2402 and pressed up against the case backing 2403. On thebackside of the case, microfluidic circuits 2404 and 2405 combine toform a checkerboard pattern. When different colors are sequentiallypulled through the circuit, the combination of colors produces a uniqueuser defined case. In certain embodiments, there are separate connectorsfor each circuit, in this case, connector 2406 would allow access tomicrofluidic channel 2405 while connector 2407 would allow access tomicrofluidic circuit 2404. In addition, in some embodiments, eachconnector would be sealed when not in use by a thumb screw cap 2408.

Online Distribution of Content Codes

Provided in certain embodiments herein is a system for providing thedesign to any design element described herein. In some embodiments,provided herein is a system for configuring the design of a designelement comprising a microfluidic circuit, the system comprising amodule configured to set a color sequence for filling the microfluidiccircuit with one or more colored fluid. In various other embodiments,the system comprises any additional module suitable for providing adesign, or a particular design to the design element. For example, insome embodiments, a system described herein comprises a moduleconfigured to set the flow rate or pressure of fluid filled into themicrofluidic channel. Further, in certain embodiments, any systemdescribed herein further comprises a module configured to access aremote server comprising color sequence, flow rate, and/or pressureinformation for configuring the design of the design element; a moduleconfigured to detect the type of design element comprising themicrofluidic circuit; one or more module configured to adjust the colorsequence, flow rate of fluid, and/or pressure of fluid; or the like.Similarly, the system optionally comprises a module configured toachieve any of the processes or results described below.

In one embodiment, a Code is resolved by a central server to point to areference file (HTML, XML, etc) that has all the information (the Codefile format) that would include color patterns, fluid pressure fillinginstructions (timing, pressure, duty cycle, color sequence, fluidchannel orientation), pictures used to augment your apparel, brands thatyou incorporate into the outfit, and meta-tags to define and classifythe contents. Codes can be made malleable across different apparelthrough the use of progressive algorithms, i.e., given the apparelmicrofluidic channel map, the algorithm would describe one or moreoptimal filling patterns with the color sequence of choice. Forinstance, the user could be presented with a first, algorithmicallyoptimized preview of the apparel. The user could then choose to modulatethe color pattern using high level tools, such as applying filters tothe apparel (rotating, horizontal stripes, vertical stripes, gradients,or other 2-D kernels). These Codes could be applied within a socialnetwork like Facebook, a PC or mobile platform app that allows people toshare or modulate your latest Codes instantaneously (i.e., what I'mwearing to school today) and has a suggestion engine that can profferdifferent outfits based on the user's historical taste and recentself-expression. In one embodiment, suggestions could be updated withup-to-the minute crowdsourced data, and people can follow celebrities,designers, TV shows, etc., to get Codes for fashion.

Online Codesharing can tap into retail or online databases to suggestapparel combinations based on brand, local availability, onlineavailability, complementary colors, etc. Retailers can purchase space onthe Codestore to promote codes with their products. Codes can also besuggested based on hierarchical demographics, described by trends orstyles (goth, sexy, preppie, classic, tasteful, etc.).

Codecasts, like podcasts, would allow people to download otherdesigners' codes, follow celebrities, etc. The Code file format alsoallows users to purchase specialized codes for 99 cents.

In some embodiments, the system comprises any suitable processor, e.g.,a central processing unit, or collection of processors comprising themodules described herein. In certain embodiments, provided herein is asub-system comprising any one or more modules described herein that maybe used in conjunction with any one or more other sub-system to achievethe results of the system described herein.

Certain embodiments of the present invention relate to the modulation ofappearance or material properties within items such as apparel (e.g.,footwear, shoes, belts, backpacks, hats, bracelets, wristbands, shirts,jewelry, glasses, materials for apparel, release papers, fibers, etc.),equipment (e.g., skateboards, rollerblades, snowboards, gloves, hockeypads, appliances, computers, electronics, gadgets, toys, etc.), andother three-dimensional objects (signs, corporate art, corporate logos,military vehicles, military gear, helmets, vehicle body panels,housewares, furniture, tabletops, walls, paintings, etc.). In someembodiments, provided herein is an item (e.g., an article of apparel, anarticle of sporting equipment, or the like) comprising a fluidic channel(e.g., a microfluidic channel containing therein a liquid, particularlya colored liquid). In specific embodiments, the fluidic channel is apart of a fluidic circuit that further comprises an inlet and an outlet,wherein the inlet and the outlet are connected by the fluidic channel.Moreover, some embodiments of the present invention relate to fluidicmanipulation of appearance and/or material properties and modulationthereof, including a microfluidic circuit, inlets and outlets to thefluidic system, and a docking system to deliver fluid to the item.

Certain embodiments herein provide an item comprising a microfluidiccircuit to allow modulation of appearance or material properties of theitem (FIG. 1). One or more microfluidic circuits in the shape ofswooshes, stripes, ribbing along the outlines of a design, logos,background elements, etc. can be integrated into an item (FIG. 2).Microfluidic circuits may also encompass a large portion of the item,and in some cases substantially comprise the outer extent of the item;for instance in belts, skateboards, helmets, corporate logos, motorcyclepanels, etc. In preferred embodiments provided herein, microfluidiccircuits comprise an inlet, an outlet and a translucent or transparentmicrochannel (i.e., at least a portion of the microchannel istranslucent and/or transparent) system, through which fluids can flow(FIG. 3). Microfluidic channel structures (including the fluidicchannels and walls between channels) provided herein may cover up to100%, up to 90%, up to 80%, up to 70%, up to 60%, up to 50%, up to 40%,up to 30%, up to 20%, up to 10%, or up to 5% of an item's surface.Microfluidic channel structures may cover 1-100%, 1-10%, 10-95%, 1-50%,10-50%, 20-50%, 20-100%, 30-100%, or any other suitable amount of anitem's surface.

Provided in certain embodiments herein a design article provided forherein comprises a microfluidic circuit integrated into or onto thesurface thereof. In specific embodiments, the microfluidic circuit isintegrated into or onto the external surface of the article. In certainembodiment integrated microfluidic circuits or molds comprisingmicrofluidic circuits are attached to an underlying portion of thearticle surface (e.g., sewn thereto, glued thereto, etc.), or comprise apart of the surface itself (e.g., no underlying surface of the articleis necessary). In some embodiments at least one segment (which term isused synonymously herein with a portion of the microfluidic circuit; andis not intended to necessarily denote any substructure of themicrofluidic circuit) of the microfluidic circuit is exposed to theexternal surface of the apparel or equipment. Further, in someembodiments, the at least one transparent or translucent wall segment isexposed to the surface of the apparel or equipment, providing for visualcontact between the surface of the apparel or equipment and themicrofluidic channel (i.e., the fluid, or component parts thereof, canbe seen from the exterior of the article). In certain embodiments, up to100%, up to 90%, up to 80%, up to 70%, up to 60%, up to 50%, up to 40%,up to 30%, up to 20%, up to 10%, or up to 5%, 1-100%, 1-10%, 10-95%,1-50%, 10-50%, 20-50%, 20-100%, 30-100%, or any other desired amount ofthe external surface or wall of the microfluidic circuit comprises atranslucent or transparent material.

Provided in further embodiments herein is a method of manufacturing anarticle of apparel or equipment having alterable design features, themethod comprising:

integrating a microfluidic circuit into or onto the surface of thearticle, the microfluidic circuit comprising a microfluidic channel, aninlet and an outlet, and the microfluidic channel having at least onesegment in visual contact with an external surface of the article.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of modulating theappearance or material properties of an article of apparel or equipmentcomprising:

moving fluid through a microfluidic circuit integrated with the apparelor equipment and having at least one segment in visual contact with anexternal surface of the apparel or equipment, the microfluidic circuitcomprising a microfluidic channel, an inlet and an outlet, with themicrofluidic channel connecting the inlet to the outlet within thearticle.

In a first embodiment, one or a plurality of microfluidic circuit(s) areintegrated into the exterior of an item of footwear. In one embodiment,the inlet and outlet of the microfluidic circuit are contained within aport hidden within the back heel of the shoe. In such an example,connection to the docking station allows the user to change the color ofthe exterior of the shoe to match the desired color. In certainembodiments, the microfluidic circuits are configured to cover 75% ofthe exterior of the shoe, for instance the channels can be integratedinto the synthetic leather upper, the tongue of the shoe, and the sole.In other embodiments, the microfluidic circuits are configured to cover25% of the exterior of the shoe, for instance against a white leathershoe, the microfluidic circuits comprise the stylized logos anddecorative ribbing alongside the circumference of the shoe. In yet otherembodiments, the micro fluidic circuits are configured to comprise 100%of the upper exterior of the shoe, having been integrated directly intothe polyurethane or polyvinyl chloride release papers that then form thepad and the strap of a high heel shoe. In yet another embodiment, themicrofluidic circuits are fashioned into 10% of the exterior of theshoe, molded to cover the straps on a pair of sandals. In anotherembodiment, the microfluidic circuits are integrated into thesubstructure of a shoe, covered by a porous material, such as a canvasor cotton to allow color to be seen through the gaps of the material. Inyet other embodiments, combinations of microfluidic circuits offermultiple ways to expressing oneself, e.g., stiff polycarbonatemicrofluidic circuits prominently displayed on 50% of the exterior ofthe shoe with another 15% of the shoe covered in a soft polyurethanemicrofluidic circuit that covers the toe box and circumvents theshoelace holes. In certain embodiments, the microfluidic circuits arefabricated from polyurethane. In others, the microfluidic circuits arefabricated from polyvinyl chloride, poromerics, pleathers, Clarino,polycarbonate, or other synthetic leather materials.

In addition to the appearance of an item, the microfluidic circuit mayalso transport various fluids throughout the extent of the item tomodulate the material properties of the item. For instance, in additionto the appearance, exchange of fluids within the microfluidic circuitmay modulate the touch, feel, stiffness, or roughness of the item. Inone embodiment, a metal microparticle sol may optionally displace anaqueous suspension of small molecule dyes to randomly distend a softmicrofluidic circuit (for instance, made of lightly crosslinkedpolyurethane), which would simultaneously create raised reflective bumpsalong the skin of the item in place of the previous smooth, homogeneousand brightly colored surface. In another embodiment, a purple, heated,lavender scented polyethylene glycol solution with a large heat capacityis optionally pumped through the base of a shoe to displace a cold metalmicroparticle solution in order to modulate the thermal properties andrigidity of the shoe. In yet another embodiment, microfluidic circuitsare molded into an article of clothing for a toy doll, in which a color(e.g., bright green) is optionally replaced by a magnetic glitter, thatallows other magnetic components to be attached to the toy's apparel.

Other material properties that may be altered by transport through themicro fluidic circuit include optical properties (e.g., color,reflectivity, absorption), scent, thermal properties (e.g., heatcapacity, heat transfer coefficient), mechanical properties (e.g.,stiffness, roughness, pressure), electromagnetic properties (e.g.,paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, conductive), therapeutic properties, orchemical properties (e.g., fluorescent, chemiluminescent) of the item.

Valves Between Connector & Item

In certain embodiments the openings (e.g., inlets to and/or outletsfrom) the microfluidic circuit contain valves. In such embodiments,input and output valves can be constructed from septum valves, checkvalves, ball valves, multi-port valves, microfluidic valves, pinchvalves, and so forth. In one preferred embodiment, microfluidic circuitvalves are comprised of a polyphenylenesulphone (PPSU), nitrilebutadiene rubber (NBR), and polyimide (PI) passive dynamic check valve.In various embodiments, the valve may have any suitable dimension, e.g.,roughly 2×0.5 mm in dimension. Further, in various embodiments, thevalve may have any suitable structure and/or connection to the fluidicchannel, e.g., be embedded within a stainless steel tube of roughly 2×17mm with an internal volume of 2-5 nL. Valves used in the circuitsdescribed herein may deliver any suitable volume of fluid to thecircuit. For example, in an embodiment, such as described above, apreferred valve may deliver 0.10-0.30 mL/s at a forward pressure of 7.25psi. In certain embodiments, the normally closed valves are optionallycoupled with a filter. In other embodiments, one or each valve isoptionally a normally closed solenoid valve that is actuated byelectrical signals carried by the connector to allow flow to variousdesign elements on the item. In such an embodiment, one fluid line fromthe docking station is optionally split into a plurality of microfluidiccircuits within the port of the item, and flow to each design elementmediated by the aforementioned active valves.

In certain embodiments, the valves are optionally protected from wear byhousing them in a port, e.g., a protective port, such as a hard plasticport (FIG. 4, FIG. 5). The port is optionally recessed within a shoe,for instance, hidden within a cutout of the sole, within the backing ofthe heel, or any other suitable location. The port can also befabricated such that it facilitates simple insertion and alignment tothe docking station connector, through molded guides, ramps, snaps,levers, male/female grooves, etc. FIG. 6 demonstrates an example of aconnector that simultaneously interfaces to, and opens, the microfluidiccircuit valves. In embodiments that use check valves, the increase inpressure from the docking station would open the valves in the item.Other embodiments that use simple septum valves would use a connectorwith pins that would push past the seal and enter the fluid lines in theitem.

In certain embodiments, the valves are fluidically isolated on aparallel shunt channel or reservoir to prevent leaks while connectingand disconnecting. The shunt channel or reservoir may be separated fromthe primary microfluidic circuit by passive check valves to create alower pressure fluidic region for the port connection. Followingsuccessful connector to port connection, upon application of fluidpressure the shunt channel opens to full fluid flow through to themicrofluidic circuit.

Materials & Construction of Microfluidic Circuits

The microfluidic circuit of the items described herein (e.g., apparel)can be constructed of any suitable material. In certain embodiments, thestructure of the microfluidic circuit or microfluidic channel comprisesvoid (containing a fluid, or into which a fluid may flow) enclosed(e.g., with walls, with at least one opening) by any suitable materialor combination of materials. In some embodiments, the microfluidiccircuit or channel is constructed of (wholly or in part) a transparentplastic such as polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride,polymethylmethacrylate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polycarbonate,glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate, polydimethylsiloxane, aswell as other transparent or translucent plastics suitable for appareland/or sporting equipment. The microfluidic circuit can be comprised ofa rigid, semi-rigid molded part, or in other embodiments, flexiblemolded parts. In one embodiment of a mold & seal process, two halves ofthe microfluidic circuit are injection molded and partiallycross-linked, prior to alignment and sealing. Alignment of the twohalves can be facilitated by the use of automated jigging that movespartially cured items from the molding machine into place, holds a toppiece using vacuum pressure, then presses the two halves into one. Invarious embodiments, sealing comprises and/or is achieved via the use ofpressure, heating, acid, UV light exposure, UV-ozone exposure, waitingto allow the partially cross-linked halves to bind to each other aspolymerization reactions move towards completion, or the like. In otherembodiments, sealing comprises application of an adhesive (chemicaladhesive, multi-part epoxy, light-curable compounds, or soaking in acidetc.) between the two layers before applying pressure, heat, UV lightexposure or time. Other methods of construction optionally include aprocess where a positive molding of a channel lumen is constructed usinga soluble solid (either water soluble like sugars, starches, cellulose,etc., or soluble in an gentle organic solvent that will not perturb thetwo halves of the circuit), and is then placed in the polymer mold. Insome of such embodiments, upon filling the mold and fully curing thecircuit, the assembly is soaked in solvent to remove the channel lumenmold, or solvent is pumped through the circuit to dissolve the positivemold.

In some embodiments, a design feature or design mold comprises aplurality of microfluidic channels and/or microfluidic circuits. Incertain embodiments, such a design feature or a design mold comprises astitching or attachment portion for attachment to another design featureor design mold, or other material. In some instances, a stitchingportion may include, e.g., a portion devoid of microfluidic channels, orof microfluidic channels that are sealed, or otherwise not connected orcapable of being connected to a fluid source. In some instances, one ormore microfluidic circuits may be molded such that a small outer rim ofmaterial is built into the circuit, such that the rim is sufficientlywide to allow stitching or adhesion onto the item's exterior. In variousembodiments, the stitching or attachment portion, or rim, is of any sizesuitable for assembling an article described herein. For example, therim would be preferably no more than 5 mm wide. In other embodiments,the rim would be on the order of 30 mm wide, which would be useful incases where the outer rim of the microfluidic circuit is to be pulledover the last of a shoe during manufacturing. In other embodiments,design features, design molds, or other assemblies of microfluidiccircuit(s) do not comprise and/or do not need such stitching/attachmentportions or rims because they are attached in another suitable manner.For example, microfluidic circuits may also be attached to the itemand/or fabricated into the item using an adhesive, epoxy, etc.

In other embodiments, the microfluidic circuit(s) (e.g., design mold)may be fashioned from a single layer of transparent plastic containingembedded channels sealed directly to the surface of the item, e.g., inthe case of a skateboard or snowboard deck. In some embodiments, thistype of construction is suitable for use in equipment where a thicklayer of adhesive can be applied to the item and the channels pressed ontop of the adhesive.

In other embodiments, the microfluidic channel/circuit construct (e.g.,design mold) incorporates a backing material attached to atransparent/translucent material (e.g., plastic). In such embodiments,the backing material can be fastened to the item through an adhesivesprocess or sewn to the item around the edges or at designated attachmentpoints. In such embodiments, the backing material may supply additionaloptical characteristics such as a reflective surface (e.g., usingbiaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate), or an opaque whitebackground (e.g., polyethylene).

In yet another embodiment, the surfaces comprising the lumen, exposed,or transparent portion of the fluidic channel/circuit construct aremodified, treated, or coated to reduce adhesion to, adsorption from, orstaining by the dyes used to modulate colors. These treatments andmaterial selections include rendering the lumen hydrophilic for ahydrophobic dye, hydrophobic for hydrophilic dyes, charged for nonpolardyes, as well as selecting the dyes and lumen to be both hydrophilic orhydrophobic. These treatments may also serve to reduce evaporationthrough the polymeric structure of the microfluidic circuit bylaminating, coating, or otherwise sealing the exterior of the plastic.

In some instances, microfluidic circuit embodiments are intended tomaximize reflected light to create the most vibrant color changingapparel and equipment, and in other instances, microfluidic circuitembodiments diffuse and distort light, including patterned surfacetextures made to specular light patterns consistent with the texture ofleather, or prismatic embossments for adding sparkle to the surface, ora microlensed surface for a distorted effect. Other embodiments ofmicrofluidic circuits incorporate the use of transmitted light frompiezoelectric or battery driven LEDs. In other embodiments, thecapability to modulate color is assisted through the use of an activeelement such as liquid crystals, nano-inks, e-inks, OLEDs, LEDs, ornanoparticle suspensions, etc.

Microfluidic Circuits

Fluidic circuits of the systems described herein comprise channelshaving any suitable dimensions, including, lengths, depths, diameters,geometries, etc. In various embodiments, the internal channels of thefluidic circuits are circular, square, oval, pyramidal, triangular, etc.In some embodiments, the internal diameters of the channels are anychannel suitable to provide a desired design feature when filled with aliquid (e.g., a colored liquid). In specific embodiments, the internaldiameter of a channel provided herein is small enough so as to minimizemixing and diffusion along the fluidic channel. In certain embodiments,the dimension (e.g., depth, width or diameter) of a fluidic ormicrofluidic channel described herein is at least 0.1 micron, of 0.1micron to 10 mm, of 0.1 micron to 1 mm, of 0.1 micron to 100 mm, of 1micron to 1 mm, of 1 micron to 500 micron, of 10 micron to 1 mm, of 10micron to 0.5 mm, of 50 micron to 500 micron, or any other suitablediameter. Further, in various embodiments, different channel segmentsalong a fluidic circuit may also possess varying dimensions (e.g., atone point along the fluidic circuit, the diameter may be 10 microns,whereas at other locations along the circuit, the diameter may be 20microns, or the like).

Further, in various embodiments, the walls of the fluidic circuit (i.e.,surrounding the fluidic channel) are of any suitable thickness. In someembodiments, the walls between microfluidic channels of a systemdescribed herein are narrower than the walls forming the surface and/orback constructs of the microfluidic channel. In some embodiments, wallwidths between parallel channels of 1 micron to 10 mm, or 10 microns to1 mm, 50 microns to 1 mm, 50 microns to 500 microns, 50 microns to 250microns, 100 microns to 500 microns, 200 microns to 500 microns, 300microns, 400 microns, or the like.

The volume of the fluidic system would be preferentially minimized todrive the economics of the application while retaining sufficient colordensity to be aesthetically pleasing. In certain embodiments, this wouldtranslate into a very thin channel depth of the circuit, on the order of10-1,000 μm. In other embodiments, the channel depth of the circuitwould be on the order of 300-700 μm. In other embodiments, the verticalextent would be such that the Reynolds number would be much less than2,300. In other embodiments, the fluidic channels are configured topromote plug flow, in order to eliminate boundary layers adjacent to thewalls of the fluidic channel (Aris, Rutherford. Vectors, Tensors, andthe Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics. New York: Dover Publications,Inc., 1962; Panton, Ronald L. Incompressible Flow, Second Edition. NewYork: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996, which are incorporated herein forsuch disclosure). In certain microfluidic embodiments, mechanicalfeatures of the design elements promote mixing, as dyes are pumpedthrough the microfluidic circuit (FIG. 7), these include, e.g., anysuitable microfluidic mixing mechanisms such as grooved channels, Teslamixers, T- and Y-flow configurations, interdigital/bifurcation flowdistribution structures, focusing structures for flow compression,repeated flow division- and recombination structures, flow obstacles,zig-zag channels, and other passive micromixing designs or microvalvingdesigns. In other embodiments, each microfluidic circuit comprises aplurality (one or more) of channels that carry an independent color orcolor series (FIG. 8). Examples of microfluidic circuit designs includeshapes such as swooshes, bars, stripes, stars, toe pieces, shoelaceholes, or even the majority of the outer face of a shoe. Microfluidiccircuits can also comprise the entire outer extent of athree-dimensional item. For instance, the panels of a backpack, theouter section of a belt, the lettering within a corporate logo, theouter plastic shell of a rollerblade, or an identification panel on amilitary vehicle (that could communicate through a combination ofinfrared dyes or nanoparticles, for instance). Microfluidic circuits canalso be made to be as simple as single tubes fashioned into as stripeson backpacks, hats, the rim of a shoe, or other apparel and equipment.

In a preferred embodiment, a single serpentine channel is woventhroughout each design element to eliminate voids in higher pressurepaths (FIG. 9). Optimal channel widths can vary between 0.05 mm-5 mm,with spacing between parallel channels of 0.05-1 mm (wall widths). Inone exemplary embodiment, the channel wall width would is from 0.40 mmto 0.45 mm, while channel widths optionally vary between 0.35 mm and1.05 mm depending on the portion of the serpentine path. In such anembodiment, with channel depths of approximately 0.5 mm and a totalchannel path length on the order of 2,500 mm, the a filling volume wouldbe 500-600 μL (0.5-0.6 mL) and the filling time would be roughly 64seconds at 3.2 PSI. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the minimumchannel wall width would be 0.1 mm, with a maximum channel wall width of0.65 mm, while channel widths would change between 0.35 mm and 1.25 mmdepending on the portion of the serpentine path. In such an embodiment,with channel depths of approximately 0.5 mm, the total channel pathlength on the order to 2,000 mm, the filling volume would be 400-500 μL(0.4-0.5 mL) and the filling time roughly 15 seconds at 12 PSI. Largerchannel cross sections, shorter path lengths and higher fillingpressures would lead to shorter filling times. FIG. 10 demonstrates areduction to practice of the serpentine channel concept on a shoe.

In other embodiments, a reflective, transmissive or transflectivedisplay is employed to provide beneficial, e.g., improved visualcomplexity of patterns. For instance, in bright lighting whennon-reflective displays tend to show little color or no contrast, thedisplay acts mainly as a reflective display. In some embodiments underlow light conditions, when non-transmissive displays are not visible, atransmissive backlight is used. In one embodiment, the illuminationcharacteristics of both transmissive and reflective modes are combinedinto transflective mode. In transflective mode, the display can modulatefrom reflective mode in bright lighting to transmissive mode in lowlighting. In some embodiments, the transmissive mode display includes anilluminance sensor for control of the backlight in changing lightconditions, and a transflecting layer capable of simultaneous reflectionand transmission.

In some embodiments, visual brilliance and resolution of the display areenhanced through advanced modulation techniques. In addition to directfluidic manipulation of properties, second-order control modalities canbe used. These second-order control modalities include indirect fluidicmanipulation; mechanical manipulation; passive and active electronicmanipulation such as electrophoresis and electroosmosis; and magneticmanipulation.

In one embodiment, the fluid domain is partially or fully comprised ofmicrocapsules containing ink. In some embodiments, the microcapsulescontaining ink are used in design articles or design elements instead ofor in combination with the microfluidic channels described herein. Colorappears to change based upon application of an external field causingexternal rotation of the microcapsule. As the microcapsule rotates, theink domain that is visible changes. In another embodiment, colormodulation is achieved by internal motion of dye by application of someexternal field to the microcapsule. In some embodiments, the appliedfield is the result of direct fluidic manipulation, or through one or acombination of a second-order control modality(s). In one embodiment,microparticle orientation is controlled electrophoretically by a passiveelectronic array embedded in within the fluidic circuit. In someinstances, the microparticle has a plurality of different coloredsurfaces, e.g., such that upon change of the orientation thereof, adifferent colored surface is exposed to the surface of the article. Theuser can connect the color-changing piece of apparel to a computer ordocking station, change the display via the embedded electronic array inthe fluidic circuit, and disconnect from the docking station with a newpattern.

Docking Station Configurations

Within certain embodiments, a docking station (the dock) is used tooptionally mix and ultimately distribute fluid into the item. In certainembodiments, the dock comprises a pump, actuation valve(s), colorcartridge(s), a mixing element (a mixer), fluidic connector(s), a wastecompartment, a combination thereof, or all of the above (FIG. 11, FIG.12). In other embodiments each fluid channel carries its own pump (FIG.13). Independently controlled pumps may obviate the need for actuationvalves within the dock.

Mixer Designs within Docking Station

Mixing of various fluids (e.g., different colors, such as primarycolors) within the docking station can be achieved in any suitablemanner including, e.g., the use of grooved channels, Tesla mixers, T-and Y-flow configurations, interdigital/bifurcation flow distributionstructures, repeated flow division- and recombination structures, flowobstacles, zig-zag channels, chaotic mixing, or other passivemicromixing designs, flow splitting, hydrodynamic focusing, capillaryflow splitting and recombination, flow twisting, chaotic advection,acoustic mixing, surface acoustic waves, heating, electromagnetic,magnetic, diffusion, or other active methods known to those skilled inthe art of mixing within microfluidic channels. Examples of mixerdesigns are shown in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15.

Modulation of Fluid

Different levels of constituent fluids (i.e., cyan, magenta, yellow,black, white or clear color fluids, or alternatively red, green and bluefluids, or glittered, glow-in-the dark, fluorescent, and matte, or hot,cold, scented, therapeutic, magnetic, antiseptic, viscous, non-Newtonianfluids) can be mixed in different proportions to create a broad paletteof colors, textures, therapeutic and other material properties. Thedifferent types of modulation can be broadly segregated into analog,digital, or temporal modalities.

In analog modulation, the amount of each fluid can be changed by varyingthe pressure on each line or by varying the resistance of each linegiven a single pressure. In the case where each fluid line is beingforced by an independent pump, the pump pressure would be increased formore fluid, and lowered for less fluid. In such an embodiment, it may beuseful to balance the overall pumping pressure to a relatively constantpressure that overcomes the forward valve pressure in the item, forinstance the sum of all pressures could be kept the range of 3-12 psi.

In a second analog modulation method, a master pump is placed in thecircuit while valves regulate the resistance on each line. The valvesand pumps can be placed either before or after the fluid cartridges, andact upon the fluid lines, the fluid directly, or upon the airway to eachcartridge. In one embodiment, each fluid line would contain a resistivevalve that mediates the relative resistance through that line. Incertain analog resistive modulation embodiments, indirect valves can bemade to press on tubing with different amounts of force in order tocompress the fluidic lines and increase resistance. Alternatively,indirect valves could constrict the flow of air to each fluid cartridge.In another analog embodiment, the fluid path passes directly through theresistive element of the valve. Analog systems would likely benefit fromdisposable tubing (such as in the case of indirect valves) to alleviatelong-term plasticity on the fluid level calibration. Valves may beactuated by diaphragm, a screw being driven by a stepper motor, or by asolenoid valve, for example.

In a first digital embodiment, each fluid cartridge is connected to aplurality of valves, each of which is binary in nature, providing eitherflow or no flow, e.g. a solenoid valve. When a greater proportion of asingle fluid is desired, a greater number of the binary valves areopened. Such an embodiment allows a well-defined palette and easilycalibrated fluid choices. For instance, if each cartridge had fourvalves, each of which was driven by its own solenoid, and there werefour colors of fluid (CMYK), a palette of 4^4=256 colors could becreated.

Temporal modulation relies upon binary flow from each cartridge to becontrolled through valves (or independent pumps). In this embodiment,valves are pulsed open or closed according to a schedule of relativeduty cycles. Solenoid valves (one per fluid channel) would beparticularly well suited for this approach. As fluids recombine througha microfluidic mixer, the output flow would be a reflection of theintegral of duty cycle frequency and mixer path length. Shorter pathlengths and faster modulation times would result in a higher resolutionswitching between fluid packets. An example of duty cycle scheduling isshown in FIG. 16.

Provided in certain embodiments herein are microfluidic mixer chipscomprising one or more microvalves. In some embodiments, provided hereinis a docking station comprising a microfluidic mixer chip. In specificembodiments, the microfluidic chip comprises an array of microvalves. Insome embodiments, the microfluidic chip comprises metal film atop (e.g.,thin metal film spun atop) one or more elastomeric membrane. In certainembodiments, one or more regions of metal film are positioned atop theelastomeric membrane, thereby forming the array of microvalves. In someembodiments, provided herein is a system comprising a microfluidic chipdescribed herein and at least one microsolenoid for actuating the one ormore microvalve thereof.

In some embodiments, in order to create a digital array of microvalveswithin a microfluidic mixer chip that are electronically addressable, athin film metal (magnetic, paramagnetic, or conductive) is spun atop anelastomeric membrane. In some embodiments, a microfluidic valvefashioned to be in normally closed position, closed by the elastomericmembrane, is actuated using current fed to an inductive coil locateddirectly beneath the coated membrane. In other embodiments, the valveworks in reverse phase, where normally open valve is pulled close usingthe electromagnetic field. These valves may also be mechanicallyactuated using a microsolenoid to drive a piston into and out of theflow path of the chip. The elastomeric membrane may also be constructedout of a polymer (e.g., PDMS, PE) with iron micro/nanoparticles embeddedwithin material to enable actuation via microcoil.

Replacing Fluid within Microfluidic Circuits

There are several methods of replacing fluid within the micro fluidiccircuits and the fluids of a circuit described herein may be removed andinserted in any suitable manner. For instance, electrophoretic,electroosmotic, dielectrophoretic, electrothermal flow, electromagnetic,or other electromotive flow types; or pressure based flow (includingpiezoelectric, diaphragm, peristaltic, positive displacement, rotarypumps, manually operated bellows pumps and so forth). In one preferredembodiment, a 6 mL/minute piezoelectric diaphragm pump, with externaldimensions of roughly 30×15×4 mm is placed on each fluidic channel. Inanother embodiment, a 2-roller peristaltic pump is placed after theoutflow of the item to pull fluid through the microfluidic circuit, inwhich case independent valves would be used to modulate the level ofeach fluid flowing through the circuit.

In another embodiment, pre-mixed cartridges containing a single fluidand a connector to deliver fluid to the circuit. In such embodiments,the cartridges may be pre-pressurized and contain a valve that openswhen connected to the item. Alternatively the user may use a bellows,syringe or a bulb attached to one end of the cartridge to manually pumpthe fluid through the item.

Replacing the fluid within microfluidic circuits is optionally achievedby replacing the resident fluids within the microfluidic circuit withoutflushing the circuit. In one embodiment, a bolus of air or immisciblefluid may precede the novel fluid to prevent mixing with the residentfluid. Alternatively, gradients of appearance or material properties canbe created by continuously changing the constituent levels of fluidintroduced into the circuit without introducing a bolus of immisciblefluid. An immiscible fluid utilized in certain embodiments herein maycomprise a fluid with sufficient density to substantially alter its flowprofile throughout the microfluidic circuit.

In one embodiment, the entire volume of the microfluidic circuit isfilled with a single color fluid, or fluid with identical materialproperties. In yet other embodiments, microfluidic circuits can befilled with a series of fluid packets (volumes of fluid less than theentire circuit volume) to produce multiply colored or striped elements.In yet another embodiment, sequential aliquots of very small volume canbe serially moved down the microfluidic circuit to create an image.

Compositions of Fluid

Fluids utilized in the circuits, items, or systems described hereininclude any suitable or desirable fluid. In specific embodiments, thefluid is a gel or a liquid (e.g., a solution, a suspension, a colloid,an emulsion, etc.). In some embodiments, liquids provided for herein arecolored liquids. In further or alternative embodiments, liquids providedfor herein comprise a suspended material, such as metallic particles,magnetic particles, reflective particles, or the like.

Colored fluids may be comprised of small molecules such asethyl-[4-[[4-[ethyl-[(3-sulfophenyl)methyl]amino]phenyl]-(4-hydroxy-2-sulfophenyl)methylidene]-1-cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene]-[(3-sulfophenyl)methyl],disodium6-hydroxy-5-((2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalene-sulfonate,or 2,2′-Bis(2,3-dihydro-3-oxoindolyliden). Fluids may also be comprisedof particle suspensions or polymer solutions. In certain embodiments,particles can be fashioned from polymeric nanoparticles, preferentially50-200 nm in diameter with covalently bound (or absorbed) dye molecules,or in some configurations up to 20-50 μm. For instance, PMMA orpolyethylene particles at a density of 0.99-1.01 g/cc can be used foroptimal suspension in water. Bichromal, translucent, opaque,fluorescent, iridescent, opalescent, magnetic, gold, silver,drug-delivery, long-release, infrared or highly reflective particles canbe used to impart additional qualities to the item. Small molecule dyesor pigments may also be bound to extended chain polymers (i.e.,polyethylene glycol, PMMA etc.) and suspended in a solvent to mitigatestaining of the fluidic channels. Fluids may be comprised of a smallmolecules, a functionalized polymer, nanoparticles, microparticles, orcombinations therein.

In certain embodiments, optical properties can be altered by using afluid comprised of dyes, pigments, polymeric dyes, nano- ormicroparticles with color molecules covalently attached, adsorbed,mixed, or otherwise attached. In other embodiments, scent can be alteredby using a fluid comprised of small organic compounds, volatile aromaticcompounds, perfumes, etc. In other embodiments, thermal properties canbe altered by using a fluid comprised of boron nitride, aluminum, copperparticles to increase the heat transfer coefficient, ceramics, metalparticles, or other polymers. In other embodiments, mechanicalproperties can be altered by using a fluid comprised of high viscosityliquids such as higher concentrations of polyethylene glycol to controlstiffness of the equipment of apparel. In other embodiments thixotropic,shear thickening, shear thinning, or other non-Newtonian fluids can beadded to modulate the modulus of elasticity of the apparel or equipment.In other embodiments, mechanical properties can be altered by using afluid comprised of large microparticles to distend the microfluidiccircuit to add texture to apparel or equipment. In other embodiments,electromagnetic properties can be altered by using a fluid comprised ofiron particles to increase the Chi of the apparel or equipment. In otherembodiments, therapeutic properties can be altered by using a fluidcomprised of pharmaceutical compounds such as non-steroidalanti-inflammatory compounds, corticosteroids, local anesthetics such aslidocaine, vasodilator, vasoconstrictor, or antiseptics. In suchembodiments, the porosity or permeability of the microfluidic circuitmay be enhanced by interactions with the apparel or equipment, e.g.,walking on a therapeutic shoe, body heat in a therapeutic vest, flexinga therapeutic wristband.

Cartridges & Dye Materials

Cartridges used in any system described herein may take any suitableform. In one embodiment, a cartridge provided for herein comprises aplastic container that contains either dry and/or wet color materials.In certain embodiments where the cartridges contain fluid, thecartridges could be sealed on top with a compliant plastic bag thatwould expand into the void of the cartridge as the colored fluid ispumped out of the cartridge. Cartridges can be connected to the mixingmanifold by luer locks, tubes, septum valves, etc. Prior to insertioninto the dock, the cartridges could be sealed by a tab or a valve. Ifshipped with dessicated ink, the cartridges could be open to the air,and the dock could push fluid through them to reconstitute and deliverthe color. In certain embodiments, fluidic cartridges contain a wastecompartment to receive fluid from the outlet of the microfluidiccircuit.

Docking Station Sensors

In order to accommodate microfluidic circuits of different volumes,e.g., in the case of different sized shoes, the docking station mayinclude sensors substantially configured to measure fluid properties ofthe micro fluidic circuit. Such sensors can be incorporated within theextent of the docking station or alternatively within the connector toobserve the flow at the inlet or outlet. In certain embodiments where ahomogeneous fluid is required throughout the circuit, fluid flows untilthe color at the outlet matches the color at the inlet within a desiredtolerance. In other embodiments, fluid flows until the color at theoutlet matches the preselected color to a desired tolerance.Incorporation of a sensor network within the docking station allows thefluid transfer interface to be guided by a control system (PID, PI,negative feedback, and so forth) to regulate pressures within operablelimits. In certain pumps, such as serial piezoelectric pumps, sensorscan be integrated into the pump head to facilitate pressure balancing.The dock may include a variety of types of sensors, including flowsensors, pressure sensors, and optical sensors. Within embodimentscontaining optical sensors, the dock may further comprise a light sourceto illuminate the dye within the microfluidic circuit to enablefacilitate optical sensing; for instance, through the use of a pluralityof light emitting diodes, filaments, or fluorescent sources. The dockmay also be comprised of ultrasonic or acoustic sensors to detect flow.

One preferred method of active feedback to indicate to the dock whenstart and stop flow is to incorporate a “start codon” or a “stop codon”of fluid and or air so that a very clear signal is sent to the dockingstation upon reaching the end of the previous fluid pattern. Thesecodons can be comprised of a high frequency pattern of air and color,for instance five air pulses and five black pulses in a row. In such anembodiment, codons would precede or follow every fluid injection cycle,and would be easily recognizable during sensing.

User Interfaces

In certain embodiments, the user interface can be running on a computeror phone connected to the docking station (through USB, 802.11 wireless,bluetooth, infrared, internet, etc.) wherein the interface allows theuser to control the color of individual compartments of the item. Colorselections can be made through an on-screen color wheel, eyedropper toolto sample a color from a picture, or through a mobile application thatallows image sampling and subsequent selection of color preferences. Incertain embodiments, the user manually selects a color (or image, orportion of an image) from an image uploaded to the screen via camera,phone, internet, etc. Color parameters can also be downloaded and sharedthrough a network that allows social networking with friends tocoordinate item colors for that day. Color parameters can be selectedautomatically through crowdsourcing, data mining, pushed from centralservers, and so forth. In one embodiment, basketball teams cancoordinate shoe colors for home and away games through a social network.In another embodiment, marketing efforts can distribute codes tocorrespond to select color palettes on certain days. In yet anotherembodiment, complimentary color combinations are applied across a broadvariety of items, such as shoes, backpacks, hats and belts. In otherembodiments, the user preferences may extend to material propertiesother than color.

In other embodiments, the dock would not contain a mixing element andthe choices in the user interface would be constrained to the currentpanel of colors within the dock. For instance, a single color cartridgecould be swapped out of the dock at a time. In this embodiment, theinterface could be appropriately simplified, using a manual pump (e.g.,a syringe) to initiate pumping of fluid. Flow could also beautomatically initiated upon connecting the item to the single coloreddock (e.g., through a vacuum chamber).

Communication of preferred volume and pressure parameters between theitem and docking station can be facilitated by an EEPROM or RFID tagwithin the apparel or equipment. Such a communication paradigm wouldallow parameters of the equipment or apparel to be sent to the dock, forinstance, volume of the fluidic channel, number and location of valves,type of fluidic channel, preferential pressure algorithms, itemidentification, or any other data that would facilitate efficientmodulation of appearance or material properties. In yet otherembodiments, the user would enter a code representing the pertinentdetails of item.

Once the item has been identified, the user interface software can querya central server to retrieve essential valving, volume and pressureparameters. Codes could also be used to retrieve relevant metadata thatenhances a user experience. The metadata could include three-dimensionalmodels of the item, social networking enhanced profiles of friends orusers of similar items. Metadata could also be comprised of sharedparameter sets (i.e., color combinations, appearance, or other materialproperties) derived from friends, celebrities, sports figures,authorities (coaches, athletic directors, marketing directors, artdirectors, etc.), or promotional materials (television giveaways, sodacaps, etc.). Metadata could also be made to be malleable across appareland equipment; for instance, color schemes for multiple design elementswithin shoes, logos on hats, and ribbing within sporting equipment couldbe coordinated through the hierarchical assignment of valve priorities(where each item would have a primary valve set, secondary valve set,etc., and the color programs would be coordinated between items). Anexample of the workflow is shown in FIG. 17.

What is claimed is:
 1. An article of apparel or equipment comprising: amicrofluidic circuit integrated into the article, wherein themicrofluidic circuit comprises an inlet, an outlet, and a microfluidicchannel fluidly coupling the inlet to the outlet; and a plurality ofmicrocapsules integrated into or onto a surface of the article, whereinat least a portion of the plurality of microcapsules is exposed to anexternal surface of the article, and the plurality of microcapsulescontaining ink therein, wherein the microfluidic circuit comprisesvariations in density, angle or color that define two or more regionsvisibie from an exterior surface of the article having differentappearances.
 2. A microfluidic system, the microfluidic systemcomprising: the article of claim 1, and a docking station comprising amanually actuated plunger assembly, a fluid cartridge, a wastecartridge, and an integrated connector, wherein the docking station isconfigured to fluidly couple with the microfluidic circuit of thearticle of claim
 1. 3. The microfluidic system of claim 2, wherein thedocking station further comprises a ratcheted syringe in the wastecartridge, and a syringe nub in the fluid cartridge.
 4. The microfluidicsystem of claim 2, wherein the integrated connector comprises a freelyrotating screw ring and tapered ports to allow an interference seal tothe microfluidic circuit of the article of claim
 1. 5. A microfluidicsystem, the microfluidic system comprising: the article of claim 1, anda docking station comprising a fluid cartridge, a waste cartridge, andan integrated connector.
 6. The article of claim 1, wherein theconnector comprises a dry break connector.
 7. The article of claim 1,wherein each microcapsule is configured to provide the appearance ofcolor change upon application of an external field thereto.
 8. Thearticle of claim 7, wherein the external field causes external rotationof the microcapsule, wherein as the microcapsule rotates a surface ofthe article of apparel or equipment changes color.
 9. The article ofclaim 1, wherein the microfluidic circuit comprises a plurality ofmicroparticles therein.
 10. The article of claim 9, wherein themicroparticles have an orientation that is controlledelectrophoretically by a passive electronic array embedded in thearticle.
 11. An article of apparel or equipment comprising: amicrofluidic circuit; and a plurality of microcapsules integrated intoor onto a surface of the article, wherein at least a portion of theplurality of microcapsules are visible from an external surface of thearticle, and the plurality of microcapsules comprise ink.
 12. Thearticle of claim 11, wherein the microcapsules are configured to providean appearance of color change upon application of an external field. 13.The article of claim 12, wherein the external field rotates themicrocapsules to provide the appearance of color change.
 14. The articleof claim 11, wherein the article is footwear.
 15. The article of claim1, wherein the article is footwear.
 16. The article of claim 11, whereinthe microfluidic circuit comprises a plurality of microparticles. 17.The article of claim 11, wherein the article further comprises a passiveelectronic array configured to control an appearance of themicrocapsules.
 18. The article of claim 11, wherein the microfluidiccircuit comprises: a first fluid disposed in a first portion of themicrofluidic circuit; and a second fluid disposed in a second portion ofthe microfluidic circuit, wherein the first fluid and the second fluidhave different colors, wherein the first portion and second portion ofthe microfluidic circuit are visible from an exterior surface of thearticle, and wherein the first portion of the microfluidic circuitexhibits a different color than the second portion of the microfluidiccircuit.
 19. The article of claim 11, wherein a first portion of themicrofluidic circuit comprises a first pattern of microfluidic channels,wherein a second portion of the microfluidic circuit comprises a secondpattern of microfluidic channels, and wherein the first pattern ofmicrofluidic channels is different than the second pattern ofmicrofluidic channels.
 20. The article of claim 11, wherein the articlefurther comprises a second microfluidic circuit, wherein at least aportion of the microfluidic circuit is visible from an exterior surfaceof the article, wherein the microfluidic circuit comprises a firstfluid, wherein the second microfluidic circuit comprises a second fluid,and wherein the first fluid and the second fluid have different colors.21. The article of claim 11, wherein the microfluidic circuit comprisesa microfluidic channel having a serpentine path.